서양의 직선적인(linear)관점과 동양의 순환적인(circular) 관점은 장시간에 걸쳐 발생하는 변화에도 그대로 적용된다. 토머스 모어는 자신의 논문에서 완벽한 정부를 논하면서 '유토피아'라는 말을 만들어냈는데, 이 말의 어원인 그리스어는 '아무 곳에도 존재하지 않는'이라는 의미와 함께 '살기 좋은 곳'이라는 의미를 동시에 포함하고 있다. 물론 서양의 지성사에서 모어의 유토피아라는 개념이 전혀 새로운 것은 아니다. 플라톤의 공화국, 청교도주의, 셰이커 공동체, 모르몬주의, 미국과 프랑스의 혁명 등도 이와 같은 맥락에서 이해될 수 있다. 성경에 등장하는 에덴동산과 새로운 예루살렘의 약속과 같은 경우만 제외하면, 위에 나열된 서양의 유토피아 개념에는 유교 사상이나 고대 중국의 사상에서는 찾아볼 수 없는 다음과 같은 독특한 특징이 있다.
유토피아를 향한 직선적 진보가 가정되어 있다. 일단 도달하면 그 상태는 영원히 지속된다. 운명이나 초인간적인 개입이 아닌 인간의 노력으로 유토피아에 이를 수 있다. 유토피아에서는 모두가 평등하다. 그리고 유토피아는 인간 본성에 대한 몇 가지 극단적인 가정에 기초해 있다.
이러한 다섯 가지 특징은 동양인의 미래에 대한 생각과는 여러면에서 반대된다. 동양인들은 진보보다는 '회귀'를 추구하고, 극닥적인 것들 사이의 '중용'을 추구한다. 그리고 동양의 유토피아는 '과거'에 존재하며, 인간의 소망은 '현재 상태에서 과거의 완전한 상태로 회귀하는 것'이다.
이런 면에서 고대 유대인들의 문화는 그리스보다는 중국의 문화와 비슷한 점이 많다. 유대인의 에덴동산도 '과거'에 존재하는 것이고, 그들 역시 과거로의 회복을 추구했다.
'circu'는 'circle 원'이란 뜻의 어원이다. circus는 원래 '원형극장'에서 펼쳐졌으며, 지금도 '원형천막' 안에서 펼쳐진다.
circumvent 교묘하게 피해가다, 우회하다
In the Iliad we're told of how Achilles' mother, Thetis, hoping to circumvent the prophecy that her child would die in a war against Troy, disguised the boy as a woman. '일리아드'에서 아킬레스의 어머니 테티스는 아들이 트로이전쟁에서 죽을 것이라는 예언이 실현되지 않게 하려고 아들을 여장시킨다. 하지만 오디세우스는 보석행상으로 위장하여 아낙들을 찾아간다. 보석 속에 검 하나를 놓아두었는데, 보석에는 눈길도 주지 않고 곧바로 검을 집어드는 사람이 있었으니 그가 바로 아킬레스였다. 이로써 정체가 발각되어 아킬레스는 전쟁터로 끌려가고 만다.
We knew there were a traffic jam on the highway and circumventedit by using back roads. 우리는 고속도로가 막힌다는 사실을 알고서 뒷길로 우회했다.
Darcy: Jane! Jane: Hey! Darcy: You can't just leave like that, the whole world is going crazy! All the stuff we saw isspreading. Did you go to a party? Jane: Erik?! Erik: Jane, how wonderful! You've been to Asgard. Jane: Where are your pants? Ian: Oh, uh... He says it helps him think. Jane: Okay. Well, I'm gonna need everything you got on this. All the work you've been doing on gravimetric anomalies, everything. Erik: Okay. Thor: Are you well, Erik? Erik: Your brother is not coming, is he? Thor: Loki is dead. Erik: Oh, thank God. I...I'm so sorry. Thor: Thank you.
spread 퍼지다, 확산되다 expand '팽창하다, 확장하다'를 뜻하는 가장 일반적인 단어 enlarge (본래보다 더 크게 만들어서) 팽창시키다, 확대하다 broaden (영향권을) 넓히다, (경험이나 지식을) 넓히다
A: With this technology, we will be able to expand/enlarge our expertise area and swell with pride! B: Then, how much will we be able to broaden our portfolio? A: 이 기술을 통해 우리는 전문 분야도 더 확대시키고 자부심고 커질 수 있을 겁니다. B: 그렇다면, 우리 포트폴리오는 얼마나 더 넓어질 수 있는 건가요?
The Riddler: I'm giving you a chance. No one ever gave me a chance. Now... Ever since I was a child, I've always loved little puzzles. For me, they were a retreat from the horrors of our world. Maybe they can bring some comfort to you, too, Mr Colson. Colson: You want me to do puzzles? The Riddler: Three riddles in two minutes. You give me the answers, and I'll give you the code for the lock. Do you understand? Colson: Okay. Okay. Okay, so I just, you want me to... The Riddler: Riddler number one! It can be cruel, poetic, or blind. But when it's denied, it's your violence you may find. Colson: Wait, wait, wait, can you repeat that? "Cruel, poetic..." Batman: Justice. Colson: Huh?! Batman: The answer's justice. Colson: Justice?! The Riddler: Yes! Justice! And you were supposed to be an arm of justice in this city, along with the late mayor and police commissioner, were you not, Mr Colson? Colson: Of course, of course! Of course. The Riddler: Riddle number two. If you are justice, please do not lie. What is the price for your blind eye? Colson: "The price...?" Batman: The bribes. Colson: Oh, god, bribes! Batman: He's asking how much it costs you to turn you back. Colson: You gotta be kidding me! The Riddler: Fifty-eight seconds! Batman: How much? Colson:Nothing Batman: How much? Colson: Ten grands! Ten grands a month! I get a monthly payment, just not to prosecute certain cases! Batman: What cases? Colson: He didn't ask me that! C'mon! Ten grand! That's the answer, I swear to God! The Riddler: Alright! Okay, okay! Don't lose your head, Mr Colson! Just one more to go before your time runs out. Last riddle. Since your justice is so select, please tell us which vermin you're paid to protect. Colson: "Which vermin?" Batman: The rat. The informant you all protect, from the Salvatore Maroni Case. Colson: How do you know about that? Batman: What's his name? The Riddler: Twenty seconds! Colson: No! Batman: He's gonna kill you! Colson: I'm a dead man either way, you're talking to a dead man, okay? If I go out this way, it's just me, but if I give over that name, I have family, people I love... They'll kill them! Batman: Who will? Colson: People are watchiing! Batman: What people? Colson: They're so much bigger than you could ever imagine! It's the whole system! The Riddler: Five! Four! Three! Two... Colson: I'm so sorry! The Riddler: Die.
James: You've all received the official statement of what occurred at Stark Industries last night.There have beenunconfirmed reports that a robotic prototype malfunctioned and caused damage to the arc reactor. Fortunately, a member of Tony Stark's personal security staff...
Tony: "Iron Man." That's kind of catchy. It's got a nice ring to it. I mean, it's not technically accurate. The suit's a gold-titanium alloy, but it's kind of evocative, the imagery, anyway. Agent Coulson: Here's your alibi. Tony: Okay. Agent Coulson:You were on your yacht. Tony: Yeah. Agent Coulson: We have port papers that put you in Avalon all night, and sworn statements from 50 of your guests. Tony: See, I was thinking maybe we should say it was just Pepper and me alone on the island. Agent Coulson:That's what happened. Tony: All right. Agent Coulson:Just read it, word for word. Tony: There's nothing about Stane here. Agent Coulson:That's being handled. He's on vacation. Small aircraft have sush a poor safety record. Tony: But what about the whole cover story that it's a bodyguard? He's my... I mean, Is that... That's kind of flimsy, don't you think? Agent Coulson:This isn't my first rodeo, Mr Stark. Just stick to the official statement, and soon, this will all be behind you. You've got 90 seconds. Pepper: Agent Coulson? I just wanted to say thank you very much for all of your help. Agent Coulson: That's what we do. You'll be hearing from us. Pepper: From the Strategic Homeland. Agent Coulson:Just call us S.H.I.E.L.D. Pepper: Right. Let's get this show on the road. Tony: You know, it's actually not that bad. Even I don't think I'm Iron Man. Pepper: You're not Iron Man. Tony: I am so. Pepper: You're not. Tony: All right, suit yourself. You know, if I were Iron Man, I'd have this girlfriend who knew my true identity. She'd bewreck, because she'd always be worrying that I was going to die, yet so proud of the man I'd become. She'd be widly conflicted, which would only make her more crazy about me. Tell me you never think about that night. Pepper: What night? Tony: You know. Pepper: Are you talking about the night that we danced and went up on the roof, and then you went downstairs to get me a drink, and you left me there, by myself? Is that the night you're talking about? Thought so. Will that be all, Mr Stark? Tony: Yes, that will be all, Miss Potts.
James: And now, Mr Stark has prepared a statement. He will not be taking any questions. Tony: Thank you. Been a while since I was in front of you. I figure I'll stick to the cards this time. There's been speculation that I was involved in the events that occurred on the freeway and the rooftop. Christine: I'm sorry, Mr Stark, but do you honestly expect us to believe that that was a bodyguard in a suit that conveniently appeared, despite the fact that you... Tony: I know that it's confusing. It is one thing to question the official story, and another thing entirely to make wild accusations, or insinuate that I'm a superhero. Christine: I never said you were a superhero. Tony: Didn't? Well, good, because that would be outlandish and fantastic. I'm just no the hero type, clearly. With this laundry list of character defects, all the mistakes I've made, largely public. James: Just stick to the cards, man. Tony:Yeah, okay. The truth is I am Iron Man.
'There is' 구문에서 일반적으로 there는 어떤 사람, 사물 등의 존재 유무를 언급하는 문장에서 일종의 가주어 기능을 하여 진주어를 동사 뒤로 도치시키는 역할을 한다. 그런데 이 'There is' 구문은 특히 주어 앞에 관사가 없거나, 주어가 some, any, no 등 부정한정사의 수식을 받거나, somebody, nothing 등의 부정대명사가 주어일 때 흔히 쓰이며, 주어가 특정한 대상(예: 주어에 정관사가 붙거나 고유명사가 주어)인 경우에는 대체로 쓰지 않는다. 그래서 위의 용법으로는 it을 쓸 수 없다.
There's a lot of noise in the street. 거리에 소음이 심하다. (A lot of noise is in the street보다 더 자연스러움) It is a lot of noise in the street. (X)
There have beenunconfirmed reports that a robotic prototype malfunctioned and caused damage to the arc reactor. (동사 'have been'이 강조되어, 즉, 'unconfirmed reports'가 있다('be')는 것을 강조 언급하는 문장이다)